Much of the research I have been looking at so far has been on projects in stable communities. However, when emergency situations breakout, then personnel are deployed to wherever help is needed. One area of project work that is very interesting (and disturbing) to me, is: aid workers in high stress situations, such as internally displaced persons (IDP) camps.This is a case study which I was seriously considering as a focus for my research: to see how bicycles could be used in IDP camps to increase women’s safety and access to facilities.
But ironically, I knew that such a context as Darfur Aid would be too distressing for me to maintain researching, so it was a very deliberate and strategic move away to focus more on positive bicycle aid contexts. I remember thinking to myself that I would burnout if all I heard were repeated stories of suffering……
But even so, although not directly related to my current research area, the scope, scale and variety of international aid and development work still fascinates me, so out of interest, I often find myself still looking into what work my fellow IAW brothers and sisters are undertaking around the world. Some of what I found recently indicates that there is increasing research regarding International Aid Worker (IAW) burnout and job stress.
I chose this particular article because it is a reminder of the massive range of projects, work and aid that is disseminated worldwide, most of which we never hear about in the West. I find it grounding to read outside my comfort zone (or research area), not just to keep up with current affairs, but also to remind myself that there is a whole army of people and organisations around the world doing incredibly noble, dangerous and immediate aid and development work. Most of it is in extraordinarily more difficult conditions than mine. It helps to keep my head in check and reframes my reality just that little bit clearly. It also keeps me honest and modest.
I have summarised a selection of the research undertaken by two UAE academics who were reporting on the psychological impact that IAW experienced whilst working during the Darfur war in Sudan.
Main findings:
- 31.6 years was the mean age of the 53 IAW (Sudanese and International Aid Workers) researched (20-55 year old).
- 50% of Aid Workers in Darfur could be classified as ‘non-psychotic psychiatric cases’.
- The vast majority of Aid Workers in Darfur were local Sudanese who have a significantly higher rate of burnout and secondary traumatic stress compared to their International AW counterparts. Three main reasons for this were:
- They themselves are victims and are displaced
- They speak the local dialect so experience the full force of stories in detail
- They can relate more personally to the stories of the victims
- Working in a stressful environment and exposure to prolonged extreme job stress means that many (qualified and experienced) aid workers stop doing their jobs – this has an immediate detrimental effect for victims.
- There is a tendency of ‘maladjusted’ individuals who chose to be aid workers.
- Due to exposure to trauma, IAW can indirectly or secondarily develop the same symptoms as the traumatised victims they are working with.
- In females and hospital based emergency teams, burnout usually involves experiencing ‘a variety of psychological disturbances and distress that exceed the aid workers ability to cope and thus leads the person to total collapse’ (Louville et al, 1997:144 as cited in Musa & Hamid, 2008).
- Burnout was positively related to general stress and secondary stress.
- Burnout was negatively related to ‘compassion satisfaction’.
Compounding Factors:
-Direct contact with highly traumatised victims
-Hostile environment
-Aid victims tend to blame the IAW for supply shortages or service problems
There are 5 types of ‘burnout’ identified in IAW:
- Emotional (depression, anxiety, irritability)
- Interpersonal (self-distancing, withdrawal, ineffective communication)
- Physical (sleep disturbances, exhaustion, illnesses)
- Behavioural (alcohol abuse, aggression, cruelty)
- Work-related components (poor performance, tardiness, absenteeism)
Secondary trauma – 4 main aspects:
- Empathy with victims – increased vulnerability to internalising trauma and increasing trauma related pain
- Recovery time – listening to distressing stories repeatedly without sufficient time to process
- Reactivation – Having own past trauma experiences triggered by working with victims who are/have experience/d a similar situation to the IAW, especially in the case of the local Sudanese AW.
- Fragmented Contexts – current psychological approaches for IAWs are focused on individual services not team-orientated. In a working situation like war, operations are never experienced individually; it is always with others, so there is a fragmentation between the experienced context with the follow up service (the team that works together is best debriefed and counselled together as well as individually – not just dealt with separately or in isolation to other team members).
General conclusions:
Certain conditions increase AW suffering.
Aid organisations need to create positive work climates to adequately include:
- Adequate training
- Cultural orientation
- Psychological services
I hope the findings I have summarised here will stimulate your thinking about these critical ideas, and that you share and discuss what these findings mean in relation to your understanding of the world.